NDG Linux Essentials 2.21 | Midterm Modules 2-9 | Chapter 2-9 Exam Answers

NDG Linux Essentials 2.21 | Midterm Modules 2-9 | Chapter 2-9 Exam Answers Full 100% 2023

These are questions of Cisco NDG Linux Essentials 2.21 Midterm Modules 2-9 | Chapter 2-9 Exam Answers full 100% with the latest version and updated in 2023. All answers are verified by experts with explanations.

  1. The most popular Linux platform for mobile phones is:

    • BlackBerry
    • Android
    • Slackware
    • IOS
    • MobileLinux
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      Android is an open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel and developed primarily for mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets. It is widely used across various mobile phone brands and has gained significant popularity worldwide. Android is known for its versatility, large app ecosystem, and widespread adoption by different manufacturers, making it one of the most dominant mobile operating systems globally.

      Please note that the mobile technology landscape is continually evolving, and market shares can change over time. However, as of my last update, Android remained the most popular Linux-based platform for mobile phones.

  2. The release cycle:

    • Describes how long software will be supported
    • Dictates how often software is updated
    • Should be long so that you have time before you need to upgrade
    • Should be short so you always have the freshest releases
    • Only has meaning for paid software
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      The release cycle:

      1. Describes how long software will be supported: The release cycle of software indicates the period during which the software will receive support and updates from the developers. Longer release cycles typically mean the software will be supported and maintained for an extended period, while shorter release cycles may indicate more frequent updates and potentially shorter support periods.
      2. Dictates how often software is updated: The release cycle also governs how frequently updates and new versions of the software are released. Short release cycles mean more frequent updates, while longer release cycles result in less frequent updates.
      3. Should be long so that you have time before you need to upgrade: A longer release cycle provides users with more time before they need to upgrade to a new version. This can be beneficial for organizations that prefer stable and well-tested software and want to minimize the frequency of major upgrades.
      4. Should be short so you always have the freshest releases: A shorter release cycle ensures that users get access to the latest features, bug fixes, and improvements more quickly. This is advantageous for users who prioritize having the latest software enhancements and innovations.
      5. Only has meaning for paid software: The release cycle is applicable to both paid and open-source software. It is a common practice for both commercial and community-driven software projects to have defined release cycles.

      The ideal release cycle duration depends on the specific needs and preferences of the users and the nature of the software. Some software may have shorter cycles to provide frequent updates and rapid improvements, while others may opt for longer cycles to ensure stability and longevity. The choice of release cycle duration often involves a trade-off between having the latest features and maintaining a stable and reliable environment.

  3. What does a distribution provide to add and remove software from the system?

    • Bash
    • Partitioning tool
    • Compiler
    • Application Programming Interface (API)
    • Package Manager
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      A distribution provides a Package Manager to add and remove software from the system.

      A Package Manager is a software tool that automates the process of installing, updating, configuring, and removing software packages on a computer system. It manages software packages, which are pre-compiled, pre-configured software bundles containing applications, libraries, and other files needed to run specific programs.

      With a Package Manager, users can easily add new software to their system by installing packages from the distribution’s repositories. Likewise, they can remove software by uninstalling packages. The Package Manager resolves dependencies (other packages required for the software to function correctly) automatically, making it a convenient and efficient way to manage software on a Linux or Unix-based operating system.

      Popular Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu (apt), Fedora (dnf), CentOS (yum), and Debian (apt), have their respective Package Managers, each with its unique commands and package repositories. These Package Managers make it easy for users to access a vast collection of software packages and maintain a well-organized software ecosystem on their systems.

  4. A maintenance cycle:

    • Describes how long a version of software will be supported
    • Should be short so you always have the freshest releases
    • Should be long so that you have time before you need to upgrade
    • Describes how often updates for software come out
    • Only has meaning for paid software
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      A maintenance cycle:

      1. Describes how long a version of software will be supported: The maintenance cycle of software indicates the period during which a specific version or release of the software will receive maintenance, updates, and support. A longer maintenance cycle means that a particular version of the software will continue to receive updates and support for an extended period, while a shorter maintenance cycle indicates a shorter support lifespan for that version.
      2. Should be short so you always have the freshest releases: This statement is not accurate for a maintenance cycle. The maintenance cycle is not about having the freshest releases; it is about providing support and updates for a specific version of the software over a defined period.
      3. Should be long so that you have time before you need to upgrade: This statement is accurate. A longer maintenance cycle allows users to use a specific version of the software for an extended period, providing more time before they need to upgrade to a newer version. This can be beneficial for organizations that require stability and want to minimize the frequency of major software upgrades.
      4. Describes how often updates for software come out: This statement is more closely related to the concept of a release cycle rather than a maintenance cycle. The release cycle dictates how often new versions or updates of the software are released.
      5. Only has meaning for paid software: The maintenance cycle is relevant for both paid and open-source software. It is a common practice for both commercial and community-driven software projects to have defined maintenance cycles, indicating the period during which a version of the software will receive updates and support.

      In summary, a maintenance cycle pertains to how long a version of software will be supported with updates and fixes. It can be long or short, depending on the software’s development and support policies, and it is applicable to both paid and open-source software.

  5. When choosing a distribution of Linux, you should consider:

    (choose five)

    • If the application software is supported by the distribution
    • Will commercial support be required for the OS
    • Does the distribution offer a “stable” version
    • Popularity on social media
    • Will users require a GUI
    • Does your organization require long-term support for the system
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      The five factors to consider when choosing a distribution of Linux are indeed:

      1. If the application software is supported by the distribution: Ensure that the distribution provides access to the software applications you need.
      2. Will commercial support be required for the OS: Consider whether commercial support options are available for the distribution you choose.
      3. Does the distribution offer a “stable” version: Look for distributions that offer specific “stable” releases that are well-tested and have a conservative update policy.
      4. Will users require a GUI: Consider whether the distribution comes with a graphical user interface (GUI) if your users require a user-friendly desktop environment.
      5. Does your organization require long-term support for the system: Check if the distribution offers long-term support (LTS) versions with extended maintenance and security updates.

  6. Which of the following are examples of desktop software?

    (choose two)

    • Web browser
    • Web server
    • Compiler
    • Music player
    • File share
    • Answers Explanation & Hint:

      The examples of desktop software are:

      1. Web browser: A web browser is software used to access and browse the internet, displaying websites and web pages.
      2. Music player: A music player is software designed to play audio files, such as MP3s, on a computer, providing a user-friendly interface to manage and listen to music.

      The other options mentioned are not desktop software:

      • Web server: A web server is software that runs on a server machine to serve web pages and respond to web requests. It is typically not used as desktop software.
      • Compiler: A compiler is a software tool used to convert source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code or bytecode. It is not a typical desktop software but rather a development tool.
      • File share: File sharing software is used for sharing files between computers, often over a network. While file-sharing applications may have desktop components, they are not considered general desktop software like web browsers or music players.

  7. Which of the following pieces of software deal with file sharing?

    (choose three)

    • PostgreSQL
    • X-Windows
    • Samba
    • NFS
    • Netatalk

  8. The Linux shell:

    (choose three)

    • Has a built-in text editor
    • Is customizable
    •  Has a scripting language
    • Is responsible for tracking the location of configuration files
    • Allows you to launch programs

  9. Virtualization means:

    • Many users can share one hard drive
    • A single host can be split up into multiple guests
    • Two users get different memory spaces on the same machine
    • A machine can swap memory to disk
    • A user can connect to a server over the network and use a virtual console

  10. In graphical mode, you can get to a shell by running which applications?

    (choose two)

    • Xterm
    • console
    • Gbash
    • Terminal
    • Guiterm

  11. Source code refers to:

    • The interface that software uses to talk to the kernel
    • The version of a program that the computer runs on the CPU
    • A human-readable version of computer software
    • The license that dictates how you may use and share the software

  12. Open source means:

    (choose two)

    • You cannot charge anything for the software
    • You can view the software’s source code
    • You can modify the software’s source code
    • You must support the software you share
    • You must share your changes

  13. A copyleft provision in a software license means:

    • You give up your copyright to the software
    • You may not link against third party closed source software
    • You must provide free copies of the software if you use it
    • You must provide support for your modifications
    • If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make

  14. Linux is distributed under which license?

    • MIT
    • GPLv2
    • BSD
    • Linux Foundation
    • GPLv3

  15. Creative Commons licenses allow you to:

    (choose three)

    • Allow or disallow commercial use
    • Specify whether or not changes must be shared
    • Receive royalties on the use of the work
    • Get a veto on where the work is used
    • Specify whether or not people may distribute changes

  16. Which environment variable contains a list of directories that is searched for commands to execute?

    • PATH
    • PS2
    • PS1
    • EXEC

  17. Select the command that can report the location of a command:

    • what
    • which
    • where

  18. A pair of double quotes (") will prevent the shell from interpreting any metacharacter.

    True or False?

    • True
    • False

  19. The shell program interprets the commands you type into the terminal into instructions that the Linux operating system can execute.

    True or False?

    • True
    • False

  20. The acronym CLI stands for:

    • Command Line Interface
    • Computer Line Interface
    • Computer Link Interpreter
    • Command Line Interpreter

  21. The most common shell used for Linux distributions is the ________ shell.

    • Zsh
    • Tsch
    • Fish
    • Bash

  22. Which two pager commands are used by the man command to control movement within the document?

    (choose two)

    • more
    • grep
    • page
    • less

  23. To search the man page sections for the keyword example, which of the following command lines could you execute?

    (choose two)

    • whatis example
    • man -k example
    • apropos example
    • man -f example

  24. The statement that describes the difference between a man page and an info page is:

    • The man page is a long detailed reference; the info page is very terse.
    • The man page is like a guide; the info page is a more concise reference.
    • The info page is like a guide; a man page is a more concise reference.
    • There is very little difference between them.

  25. The following sections commonly appear on a man page:

    (choose three)

    • SYNOPSIS
    • LICENSE
    • DESCRIPTION
    • NAME

  26. The top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as:

    • /
    • /home
    • /root
    • C:

  27. The tilde (~) is used to represent:

    • Any two single characters
    • A user’s home directory
    • Nothing; it has no special meaning
    • The directory above the current working directory

  28. The cd command by itself will take you to what directory?

    • None; it is not a valid command
    • The directory above the current working directory
    • Your home directory
    • The system root directory

  29. What command will allow you to change your current working directory?

    • ls
    • cd
    • list
    • chdir

  30. The first character in a long listing (ls -l) indicates:

    • The permissions
    • The size
    • If something is a file, directory, or symbolic link
    • The owner

  31. Which of the following commands can be used to rename a file?

    • cp
    • mv
    • rm
    • name

  32. The touch command can be used to:

    (choose two)

    • Update the timestamp of existing files
    • Change ownership of a file
    • Create new files
    • Change a file’s name

  33. Which of the following are glob characters?

    (choose three)

    • The dash character -
    • The question mark ?
    • The asterisk *
    • The square brackets [ and ]

  34. The main purpose of using glob characters is to be able to provide a list of filenames to a command.

    True or False?

    • True
    • False

  35. The asterisk character is used to represent zero or more of any character in a filename.

    True or False?

    • True
    • False

  36. Compression of a file works by:

    • Removing the high order bit from each byte
    • Storing most of the data on removable media and just leaving a pointer
    • Eliminating gaps within the file
    • Consolidating multiple files into one
    • Removing redundant information

  37. Lossy compression:

    (choose three)

    • Sacrifices some quality
    • Is often used with images
    • Usually results better compression than lossless
    • Is often used with documents
    • Decompresses to an identical version as the original

  38. Which of the following commands can be used to compress a file?

    (choose three)

    • cat
    • bzip2
    • bunzip2
    • zip
    • gzip

  39. The three main modes of tar are:

    (choose three)

    • List
    • Extract
    • Copy
    • Create
    • Compress

  40. In the command tar -czf foo.tar.gz bar, what is the purpose of the f flag?

    • Tells tar to print the name of each file as it is processed
    • Tells tar to write to the file that follows the flag
    • Specifies extra compression is to be used
    • Tells tar to copy only files, and not directories
    • Tells tar to read from the file that follows the flag
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